elements (case, binding).

number of surviving European

handwritten books were made,

The most common form

manuscripts held onto

Middle Ages as in Western

or their samples written

handwritten by the author.

books in ancient times was papyrus

so expensive material

works of art.

manuscripts underwent in the Middle

Of his works, he is especially famous

, text and illustrations to which

One of the most skilled calligraphers

then only a few have reached us

antiquities. These are the Egyptian papyri

multiplies (see also article

which is carried out by the printing